فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 35 (پاییز 1397)

Light has various forms and degrees which causes latent concepts. Light makes everything seem clear. It is also expressed as a transcendental concept in religion. Beyond this, light has a considerable role to play in designing architectural spaces and without it, neither space nor form and colour, are visible. In architectural spaces, natural light creates various qualities which leads to different meanings and concepts. It is a significant point that light has multi-dimensional aspects which influences human beings’ perception. In other words light is not just a physical necessity but it has psychological and semantic value as an important and noticeable factor, and has affected human life. Therefore in Iranian architecture functional and conceptual approach to the subject of light, leads to creation of spiritual space in addition to functional ones.The multi dimensional nature of light, reveals the necessity of taking attention to its physical and semantic aspects in different disciplines. This research aims to clarify, how the semantic quality of space by receiving daylight, is perceived. The research background shows that the semantic aspects of quality and its relevant parameters, have not been investigated adequately in preceding studies. Considering this, on the one hand and the importance of day light as a natural resource which improves semantic quality of space; on the other hand, provided adequate reason to propose a research which attempts to investigate how the daylight affects the semantic quality of space. The main assumption of this research is that reaching the spiritual light, can be achieved by use of physical light in a targeted way. Therefore, in this paper, a qualitative research methodology with an analytical-interpretational and logical reasoning approach was used to provide an appropriate framework for process of understanding the semantic quality of space using daylight. In order to achieve the considered goals, first, the light was studied in the Holy Qur'an to investigate its function and application in general from the Islamic point of view. Types and degrees of light were extracted and classified at this stage. Second, the levels of meanings, was studied. This study tried to identify the levels of human perception. Determining the levels of space meaning perception and finding its relation with light degrees, clarified the main fact of the study. It manifested that, each one of the light degrees is percept by one of meaning levels. In this process, one of Imam Ali’s valuable expression, relating to this field, was used as an analytical and comparative tool. Consequently and based on previous findings shown in diagrams in the research process, a model of meaning perception, was proposed. This model reveals the quality of reaching spiritual light by the use of physical light. This approach to the subject introduces the light’s role in response to the metaphysical needs of human as opposed to its functional ones. The proposed model can reduce the gap between a high-level conceptual approach to the light and its physical application in architectural spaces and, ultimately can indicate the quality of the space meaning perception.

In recent decades, the imbalance occurrence, desired and balanced relationship between human and nature have unpleasant psychological effects. The relevant extent researches indicate that human presence could lead to a convenient life, mental retrieval and the decrease of tension, too. Therefore, if there is a pleasant and desired relevance between human and the environment in its design, the mental health care of the community will be promoted. Nowadays in designing residential complex, the main goal is the economic cost decline and the given shelter provision. Besides being designed with the residents' needs, it has relied on the designers' points of views among which is one of the main criteria in applied challenges by which the sense of belonging to the place is promoted and it assists profession to be more correspondent to the requests, interests, and climate. In this research, the open space' role is examined through promoting the sense of belonging to place, the purpose of this research is to identify the influential factors in qualifying the open space in residential complex and presenting its evaluative model as well as the applicable strategy through enhancing the attachment of residents in given compacts to the middle social class in Tehran city. Thus, the relevant research purposes are classified and determined as follow: 1. Determine the residential pattern effect on human relations from theoretical backgrounds and professional texts with putting emphasis upon the green space and landscape architecture in promoting the sense of belonging to place; 2. Determine the influential environmental aspects in the residential complex on human relationships to promote the sense of belonging to place based on the landscape, green space and surrounding area of the residential complex; 3. Examine the satisfactory reasons for residential complex and its effect on the human relationship to increase the satisfaction of residential complex and promote the sense of belonging to the place. In this research, evaluation of the green space is one of the most influential physical aspects to promote quality and space congeniality of the residential environment in order to enhance the influential environmental conditions on promoting the sense of belonging to the place. In discussing the theoretical background using textual clarification and its content analysis through examining related texts to the desired space, the relevant definitions and concepts to research topic are studied and presented and then, through the analytical and comparative approach and users' preoccupation, the final deductions and criteria are classified and valued. In this regard, the comparative study of several residential complex' samples, desired green space and given environmental non-qualified units is conducted, with two groups of residents, the case studies were done and attempted to both classify and determine the space congeniality. Then, using an analytical-comparative method and selecting 4 residential complex samples in two desired and nondesired groups, the desired qualified landscape green space is suitable and the others lack given environmental qualities. Residents of the desired environment and qualified designed green space had a positive view and more sense of belonging to the place.

In contemporary cities, quantitative and qualitative problems have been increasing unprecedentedly. Cities as the most complex man-made structure are facing with a wide variety of risks and numerous vulnerabilities. Disasters, whether caused by humans or nature, impose significant threats to sustainability. Specifically natural disasters and its impacts on the environment can lead to catastrophes that are often irreversible. Earthquake is one of the major unpleasant natural tragedies which unfortunately produces a huge destruction in a very short period of time and as a result so many suffering and devastation appears in the cities.
Resiliency as an emerging concept in urban development, is a new approach to design flexible cities to confront shocks and vibrations that provides vulnerability reduction in cities against the stress and shocks. In fact, Resilience has become an important goal for cities particularly in the face of earthquakes. This concept which was adapted from ecological sciences, imagines cities like living organisms which in face of a variety of stresses, should be released or otherwise it fails and the system breaks down.
Furthermore, Main urban structure of a city is an important factor in organized cities on the ground that recognition of it will help urban planners and designers to plan networks, main elements and spaces for cities. Urban structure is composed of sets of main axis and interconnected networks of land-use and various and different urban elements that cause integrity in a city. This structure extends its components in whole of a city and it is a basis for cities spatial-physical organization. It represents the cities general characteristics. Due to the fact that size of city, complexity and multiple issues, urban planners and designers can concentrate on urban structure instead of focusing on all of components in a city and it can helps them to find solutions more easily. This paper aims to re-examine the characteristic of urban main structure and its relationship with resiliency against natural disasters like earthquakes. Community actions in cities are always affected by urban form and structures. Physical structures of cities have drastic effects on the occurring of phenomena and community reaction. It should be regarded as an important point in the face of disasters like an earthquake. The main questions of the paper are: what is the urban structure and what are its dimensions? Is there any relationship between urban structure and changing the level of resiliency against earthquakes in cities? Therefore, urban structure and its dimensions should be surveyed. In the first step, this research aims to explain urban structure and its important dimensions based on expert's opinions. In the second step, resiliency definitions in different domains are investigated. Next, different type of resiliency conceptual patterns which are engineering, multi-equilibria and ecological are explained, and the most appropriate one for cities are selected in connection with urban structure. Finally, the relationship between the urban structure and the level of resiliency on it will be investigated and it shows that it’s possible to enhance the resilience of cities through design or redesigning urban structures. 

Nowadays, encouraging people to walk in the urban streets is not possible without considering attractive activities for pedestrians. Analyzing activities in the urban networks needs to determine complex parallel spatial relationships between different buildings, public spaces, and routes that connect them. In this way, urban designers and planners have started to use network- based models which analysis numerous relationships in urban space and allow the experts to use that information in urban decision making.
In this way the Urban Network Analysis Toolbox (UNA) – an open-source and free plug-in for ArcGIS – provides abilities for calculating parameters of accessibility in the road network. This solution can be used for evaluating pedestrian paths based on around activities of the network. UNA toolbox, models the built environment using three basic elements: edges, representing paths along which travelers can navigate; nodes, representing the intersections where two or more edges intersect; and buildings, representing the locations where traffic from streets enters into indoor environments or vice versa. Buildings can be replaced by any other point locations on the network.
This paper tries to calculate and visualize the centrality indicator of activities in the road segments, in the central area of Tehran. The Centrality Tools of ArcGIS toolbox can be used to compute five types of graph analysis measures on spatial networks: Reach; Gravity; closeness; betweenness and straightness. Respect to the literature reviews, activities of a street as a public space, influence on walkability. Theoretical framework of this research was focused on space syntax theory and develop the concept which emphasized structure of network integration can be influenced on activity distribution.
Therefore, in the first step, based on theoretical framework, the point of interest layer, which is generated by Tehran Municipality, was applied to select 50 layers of the retail activities and public interests, which are more attractive for pedestrians. Then the UNA toolbox was run to calculate the centrality indicator of each activity point. Then, generated value of each point was assigned spatially to the nearest road segment.  Finally, value for centrality of activities of each road segments were calculated, and the score of each road was determined. Finally, roads based on total centrality score classified and visualized with mapping in ArcGIS.The results show that there are lots of roads in central districts of Tehran that have connected paths with high centrality of attraction activities for pedestrians. For example, in this case-study, ValiAsre street,enghelab street, and Jomhoury street have the most scores in centrality indicator. Also with Changing some land uses, new connected and integrated paths could be generated which can enhance walking interests. For example, Imam-Khomeini Street has much potential to transform to attractive path for walkability with changing some activities, especially the segment between 30Tir Street and HasanAbad. From the technical implications, findings of this research shows that applying this approach provides better recognition of the high potential urban networks to enhance livability and can be used to designing and planning livable-oriented spaces, especially for regeneration the central business districts and deteriorated areas. 

Learning style is the person's desire to receive and organize information with a particular method or set of methods, and specifically points to the differences in the preferences of the methods of receiving, organizing and processing information and experiences in learning new concepts. Cognitive learning styles are more widely used than other styles and are divided into different categories, one of which is the Kolb’s experimental learning style. The purpose of this study is to determine the students' learning styles in undergraduate architecture students based on Kolb's experimental learning theory. This research begins with the original question of whether a dominant learning style can be described as a common learning style for students of architecture, and the question is whether students' learning styles of architecture are appropriate to the needs and goals of the architecture.
Current research is a descriptive-analytic study that was done in a cross-sectional study in 2017. The research community of all students of Architecture Engineering of Babol Noshirvani university of technology in the first to last grade that was 85 students. The results of the research show that the distribution of architectural students is in the order of priority of divergent learning styles of 60.5% and Accommodate is 25%. Given that the characteristics of learners with a divergent learning style are more in line with the artistic and humanitarian aspects of architecture, and these learners have a strong imagination and great creativity, it can be said to largely correspond to the educational conditions prevailing in this field. But architecture is a multidisciplinary field, and in addition to the artistic and human aspects, its technical aspect is also important, as well as in architecture design courses that cover half of the undergraduate units, due to the dual characteristics of the divergence and the convergence of the design process, It is necessary to strengthen the learning style of these students and to use the many abilities of divergent students in this field, the professors will try to choose methods to cover the weaknesses of students with opposite styles. It can be said that a successful learner in multidisciplinary architecture should be able to strengthen the ability to move in the whole experimental Kolb’s learning cycle and use different learning styles in different stages of design.
Different solutions can be used to achieve this goal. It is necessary for the professors of this field, while recognizing the dominant learning styles of students, to remind students the importance of each of the abilities associated with each learning style in different aspects of architectural design and help them to identify their strengths and weaknesses. Also, by recognizing the differences between different style learners, professors can provide students with the appropriate educational opportunities with different educational methods in time intervals, proportional to the prevailing percentages of each style. Also, performing architectural design projects in a group consisting of different style students is the perfect solution for further engagement and identification of weaknesses and efforts to strengthen them in a team work.

Temples and sacred spaces are one of the most important structures which their existence date back to the appearance of religions; however in recent years, the role of Architecture in transmitting the conception of sacredness has been interrupted. This paper aims to analyze this interruption, and answer how meanings are created in a sacred space. In order to achieve this goal, sacred spaces are divided into two categories of “exalted” sacred spaces (which get their sanctity from the God), and “promoted” sacred spaces (which get their sanctity from the human need to worship). Afterwards, different definitions of the word “tradition” were discussed and the relation between tradition, architecture, and the cognition and conception of people from the sacred space was analyzed. It was found that regardless of the differences in the definitions of tradition, the concept of ‘transmittance’ exists in all of them. This analysis gives way to define “hermeneutical cognition of place”, based on the dialogues between human and sacred space. The research method was based on the modern hermeneutics which emphasizes on the role of user in understanding and creation of meanings. As the concept of “Dialogue” is one of the main topics of Gadamer’s hermeneutics, this topic was used in the analyzing process. It seems that this ‘Dialogue’ can be used as a considerable concept in interpretation of place. In other words, the sacred space can be seen as an open ‘text’, which lets the reader/user to have his own interpretation from it. This interpretation is obtained from the declared dialogue between the human and the sacred space. The role of “artistic traditions” and the procedure of their interpretation was discussed as a fundamental concept in understanding the work of architecture. The important thing in this research, is its own “exegetist-based” approach, which refuses total independence of the exegetist, while emphasizing the complementary role of the text and the reader (architecture and its user). The results indicated that the ‘understanding’, ‘dialogue’ and ‘acceptance’ of a meaningful work of Art (especially sacred space) is happening in a dualistic mood according to traditions which is the dialectic of “throwback and oncoming”. This means that in the cognition process of the sacred space, the role of users are fundamental in creation of meanings. Despite the fact that this creation is dependent to the people’s historic conceptions. The interpreter’s conception results from the especial social conditions, and includes the traditions which form these conceptions. From the meaningful point of view, the sacred spaces are the most widespread type of buildings and call every people from all religions for interpretation. It was concluded that interaction process of people and place is happening in a three-staging procedure which are confronting to the space, dialogue with the space, and sensing the space. Between these three stages, expressing the concept of tradition and its role in designing and cognition of architecture is crucial. Also the importance of reading architecture history as the foundation for preconceptions (and not just for understanding the architecture events) was emphasized.

The issues of architectural design training, should always be considered as the priority of the architecture system planners, so that the educational centers would benefit from its results. The teaching of architectural designing in designing workshops (especially in Iran) as a pivot of architecture education was in agreement by all scholars of educational and architectural problems. Training and the process of training in architectural design is one of the most important ways of demonstrating and developing creativity in the educational environment. But there is currently no specific pattern that faculty can effectively use in the course of designing architectural lessons. However, the mere reliance on the traditions of architectural education or compliance is not merely a common criterion for academic instruction appropriate to the development of architectural education. This research examines the designing and testing of a prescriptive model (Continuity of creativity model) for the continuity of creativity in architectural design classes. A prescriptive model based on analytical-structural implications of existing objective models and with continuity attitude was arrived to, then, to test the model, a semi-experimental method was used to test the hypothesis. The statistical society of the study is consisted of all students of plan No.4 of Mahshar Azad University studying in BA of architecture in 2016-17 in Azad University of Mahshahr. Due to the small size of the population, 30 of them were randomly assigned into two groups of control (15) and experimental (15). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS.15 software. The prescriptive model indices were verified by professors and architects in using Laserl software. The results showed that education is a creative process composed of an educational procedure including phases such as producing of solution idea, recommending and introducing an idea, idea evaluation, reviewing, final adoption, and making decision. As the prescriptive model focuses on the role of educational process method by professor and students` participation in learning process, the effectiveness of developing students` unconscious mind by following brain storm, the evaluation of ideas prior to hasty decision, and considering reviewing in idealization of this model was approved. It results in positive attitude, improving satisfaction, and increasing creativity in learners. The students who were trained according to the prescriptive model had higher satisfaction, more positive attitude toward the course, had a better attitude toward increasing their creativity during the design process than the course based on common approaches. “Continuity of creativity” model can play a more effective role in the in achieving the goal of promoting/ enhancing creativity of students than traditional teaching methods. Students could start, organize, and proceed design process by getting help from professors to achieve a favorable result.  This theory can be a guide for practice in organizing architectural design classes to enhance learners' creativity. It is worth noting that this model is not defective and does not claim to address all educational inadequacies in the design of architecture, since this claim requires years of research and the testing of the model and conducting meta-analytical and systematic studies on the findings of numerous studies.

Lack of stability in identity for urban residences remarkably resulted in rupture of any connection between inhabitants and environment or the inhabitants themselves. “At the top priority, museums are expected to preserve the identity of culture in a society. Museums play a key role in preservation of culture, and in another word, these monuments are the essentiality of survival, as well as durability for a human society”. In addition, the case study city (Shiraz) has two benefits: a cultural tissue in city, and having lots of museum visitors. Thus this city needs more spaces like museums and other cultural buildings. Amongst the most popular monuments is Martyr and War museum which implicate the approach of today life of Iranian society. However, the crucial objective of this study is to present the general principles for designing a museum as a branch of planning. Although we know the population of city, but estimating the necessary space of a museum is difficult. Consequently, the current study includes estimation of per capita, as well as spaces suitable for such projects. For this purpose, based on previous studies, as well as samples and statistics are used to estimate the population and visitors using sampling and standards. This study aims to seek a proper method to estimate the number of visitors, as well as occupied spaces for Martyr Museum located in Fars Province. Overall, there could be counted four different methods for the current study, including: estimation of population and per capita, sampling from present spaces, sampling of visitors, estimation of per capita and spaces. In each step, certain statistics were needed. After estimating of population, as the most preliminary method, based on universal, as well as Iranian per capita reference, necessity or non-necessity of the museum construction was assessed. In the second method, occupied spaces of certain internal and external museums were compared and the total required space was eventually calculated. Third step was processed on the basis of sampling from visitors of war museums worldwide and museums located in Tehran and Shiraz City (particularly Martyr museum). Finally, according to the statistics, simply number of visitor and required spaces for constructing these monuments could be assessed. Results showed the considerable lack of cultural areas like museums in Iran and the whole region. In this regard, per capita considered for cultural spaces in the country is less than universal standards. Moreover, the total visits of this Museum in daily visits and peak visits for special days were evaluated. Results illustrated that number of visits from Martyr museum showed a significant difference compared with other museum which attract every cultural designer. Meanwhile, space of the whole cultural area is estimated by comparing the other Iranian monuments. Thereupon, calculation of the required spaces would be simplified in this manner. However, as induced from the present study, physical planning of a process is basically structured on the basis of society requirements. Hence, the current presented method could be applicable for the further physical plans in future.